what are the benefits of therapeutic cloning

Pros of therapeutic cloning

• Therapeutic cloning can help create vital organs. ...
• When organs are made out of a patient's own cell, doctors do not have to worry about organ or tissue rejection by the immune system of the patient.
• Stops the wait time for organs and patients then do not risk loosing their life while waiting for an organ.

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Full Answer

What are the pros and cons of therapeutic cloning?

What Are the Pros of Therapeutic Cloning?

1. It would reduce the possibilities of an organ being rejected during transplantation. ...
2. There is an enormous research potential. Although the goal of therapeutic cloning would be to create viable medical treatments, the research that is done into this practice might actually ...
3. The need for a second party surgery would be eliminated. ...

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What are the pros and cons of cloning?

What Are the Disadvantages of Cloning?

1. The results on society would be unpredictable. The most common argument against cloning involve the unknowns that would happen to society. ...
2. The rich would get richer and the poor would disappear. ...
3. It is an unpredictable and certain process. ...
4. There are unforeseen consequences that we cannot predict. ...
5. Cloned people could be treated like cattle. ...

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What does the Bible say about therapeutic cloning?

While the Bible does not specifically deal with the subject of human cloning, there are principles in Scripture which may shed more light on the concept. Cloning requires both DNA and embryo cells. First, DNA is removed from the nucleus of a creature’s cell.

What are the ethical issues of therapeutic cloning?

Therapeutic cloning could produce stem ... But there are clinical, ethical and social issues with their use. These issues will be different for growth and transplant of adult, embryonic and ...

What are the advantages of using therapeutic cloning?

Therapeutic cloning could allow an individual's own cells to be used to treat or cure that person's disease, without risk of introducing foreign cells that may be rejected. Thus, cloning is vital to realizing the potential of stem cell research and moving it from the lab into the doctor's office.

What are the advantages of therapeutic cloning GCSE?

Therapeutic cloning could produce stem cells with the same genetic make-up as the patient. The technique involves the transfer of the nucleus from a cell of the patient, to an egg cell whose nucleus has been removed. Stem cells produced in this way could be transferred to the patient.

What are the two main purposes for therapeutic cloning?

While the goal of reproductive cloning is the creation of a person, the purpose of therapeutic cloning is to generate and direct the differentiation of patient-specific cell lines isolated from an embryo not intended for transfer in utero.

What are the benefits of cloning humans?

They might be able to understand the composition of genes and the effects of genetic constituents on human traits, in a better manner. They will be able to alter genetic constituents in cloned human beings, thus simplifying their analysis of genes. Cloning may also help us combat a wide range of genetic diseases.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of therapeutic cloning?

List of Therapeutic Cloning ProsIt has the potential to create organs. ... Tissue rejection is no longer a threat. ... It may help to treat genetic diseases. ... Donor items would no longer be necessary. ... It could lead to organ regeneration. ... It can act as a preventative treatment.More items...•

Is therapeutic cloning successful?

For the first time, researchers showed that therapeutic cloning or SCNT has been successfully used to treat disease in the same subjects from whom the initial cells were derived.

Why is therapeutic cloning better than reproductive cloning?

The main difference between therapeutic and reproductive cloning is that therapeutic cloning is responsible for creating embryonic stem cells to treat diseases such as diabetes and Alzheimer's. Meanwhile, reproductive cloning is important for harvesting stem cells that can be used to study embryonic development.

What is the purpose of therapeutic cloning quizlet?

Therapeutic cloning: to produce a cloned embryo for the purpose of obtaining embryonic stem cells. It is done ostensibly to use he stem cells to treat disease or illness.

How is therapeutic cloning used in society?

Therapeutic cloning involves creating a cloned embryo for the sole purpose of producing embryonic stem cells with the same DNA as the donor cell. These stem cells can be used in experiments aimed at understanding disease and developing new treatments for disease.

What are the benefits and risks of cloning?

Top 7 Pros and Cons of CloningPros of Cloning. It can help prevent the extinction of species. It can help increase food production. It can help couples who want to have children.Cons of Cloning. The process is not entirely safe and accurate. It is regarded as unethical, and the probability of abuse is very high.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of cloning humans?

4. Advantages and disadvantages of human cloning4.1 The reversion of the aging process. ... 4.2 The production of organs. ... 4.3 The chance to have children for infertile couples. ... 4.4 The improvement of reconstructive and cosmetic surgery. ... 4.5 The curing of diseases that are still uncurable. ... 4.6 The replacement of dead people.More items...

What are the advantages and disadvantages of cloning animals?

What are the Advantages of Cloning AnimalsCloning animals can save species on the brink of extinction. ... Growth of Meat Industry. ... Production of Selective breeds in animals. ... Reduction in Human Diseases Infections. ... Quality is one of the main advantages of animal cloning. ... Failures are concerning disadvantages of animal cloning.More items...

Why is therapeutic cloning important?

The process of therapeutic cloning could be directed so that these vital organs could be created. Not only would this process eliminate wait times, it would also reduce costs. Because the DNA from the “cloned” organ is the same as the individual, there would be little threat of organ rejection. 2.

What is therapeutic cloning?

February 25, 2018 by Louise Gaille. Therapeutic cloning refers to the removal of a nucleus from almost any cell in an adult body. These are somatic cells and the nucleus contains genetic material. This genetic material can then be transferred to an unfertilized egg that has also had its nucleus removed. Once reconstituted, the egg begins to divide.

How many people die from cloning every day?

Therapeutic cloning could eliminate lengthy treatment times. About 20 people die every day waiting for an organ. A new patient is added to the national transplant waiting list in the United States, on average, every 10 minutes.

Why are critical organs rare?

Critical organs are few and far between because of the need for a fatality, the ability to preserve the organ at the time of death, and the need for a direct match to the recipient. All of these concerns would go away if therapeutic cloning were to become an accepted and common practice within the medical community. 5.

How many eggs are needed for cloning?

The best estimates of need for therapeutic cloning place the number of needed eggs at over 1 million. In the United States, over the past 20 years, there have been an estimated 400,000 eggs placed into cold storage. That means the supply of eggs would need to double just to begin the process of curing disease.

Is tissue rejection a threat?

Tissue rejection is no longer a threat. Therapeutic cloning provides an exact match to the individual who has a tissue or organ need. Even for non-organ related issues, such as replacing the skin of a burn patient, rejection becomes a minimal issue because of this process.

What are the pros and cons of therapeutic cloning?

Pros of Therapeutic Cloning. 1. Therapeutic cloning helps in the creation of vital organs. Currently, across the globe, there are millions of people in hospitals waiting for organ transplants. With therapeutic cloning, organs for those patients can be made easier hence eliminating wait times.

What diseases can be controlled with therapeutic cloning?

Through therapeutic cloning, numerous unnecessary long term diseases such as diabetes and Alzheimer’s disease could immediately be controlled or treated before they mature. 9. The process of therapeutic cloning eradicates the need for controversial medical procedures such as xenotransplantation.

How does cloning work?

Medical treatments work best when proactive efforts have been taken in place of reactive efforts. Through this therapeutic cloning process , it’s entirely possible that damaged cells can be replaced with healthy cells that directly match the patient’s DNA. This process will prevent the chances of a disease’s occurrence and control some patients’ chromosomal issues, limiting the risks of future health issues.

What are extracted stem cells used for?

The extracted stem cells are pluripotent; hence, they are used to give rise to all the body cells except for the embryo (Matoba, 2018). The pluripotent cells also can treat numerous kinds of diseases in the body organs; hence they can be used in several surgical procedures. 8.

How many eggs are needed for therapeutic cloning?

According to estimates, the process of therapeutic cloning to begin curing diseases requires a minimum of a million eggs yearly and a further 980,000 more eggs for the facilitation of the process.

Can you clone a person with the same embryo?

Just like any other controversial topic, therapeutic cloning also has a slippery slope. According to most of the critics, since it’s possible that damaged embryos can form an original cell of the patient , then scientifically, it’s possible that the same embryo can be used to clone a person.

Is the nucleus information replaced in cloning?

Even though the nucleus information is replaced in cloning to create a useful clone, it’s been proven that the attributes of the stem cells that appear after cloning are not necessarily as valuable (in the form of attributes) as the original stem cells of the patient.

What are the applications of cloning to make stem cells?

Cloning to make stem cells: Applications in the field of regenerative medicine : Less chances of immune rejection from patient: Increased knowledge of development and differentiation: Instances of successful application of therapeutic cloning: CONCERNS WITH RESPECT TO THERAPEUTIC CLONING. Moral and Ethical Issues:

What is cloning in horticulture?

In those times, several kinds of plants used to be cloned simply by obtaining cuttings of their leaves, stems, or roots and replanting them. [2] In the year 1903, a famous plant physiologist Herbert J. Webber coined the term “clone” from the Greek klon, to describe the process by which new plants were grown by using cuttings, bulbs or buds. [3] In subsequent decades, as per present scientific terminology, the noun clone refers to each individual molecule, cell, or organism propagated from the original ancestor or template. [4] As far as biomedical research is concerned, cloning means ‘the duplication of any kind of biological material for scientific studies, such as a piece of DNA or an individual cell.’ [5] In other words, it can be said that cloning is the process by which replication of a biological unit (such as a DNA sequence, cell, or organism) is done, more specifically with the help of biotechnological methods.

How long can embryos be used?

United Kingdom , by the virtue of the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act of 1990 provides that the human embryos can be created and used till 14 th day of development for research purposes. [53] Further, in 2001 , the British Government passed Human Fertilization and Embryology (Research Purposes) Regulations, 2001 to amend the Human Fertilization and Embryology Act, 1990 thereby allowing therapeutic cloning. [54] There exists Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (HFEA) which is authorised to issue licenses for creation of human embryonic stem cells through nuclear transfer. [55] However, a separate license is required for each individual research project. Also, the 2001 amendment adds three research purposes granting researchers further possibilities to obtain a license which include increasing knowledge about embryonic development; increasing knowledge of severe diseases and transferring new insights into the therapeutic research of severe diseases. [56] It must be noted that while granting license, HFEA must be fully convinced that use of embryos is essential for purpose of the given research. Additionally, there must be a properly constituted Ethics Committee should approve every research project prior to the application made to the HFEA for a licence and it must also continue to report progress of the concerned research. [57].

How many rats were injected with cloned embryonic stem cells?

Instances of failure of therapeutic cloning: In one of the experiments, researchers at Harvard Medical School and McLean Hospital in Belmont, Massachusetts, injected cloned embryonic stem cells into total 25 rats who exhibited symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.

When did cloning breakthroughs happen?

It was in July 1996 that a major breakthrough happened in the field of cloning since it was the first time when an organism i.e. Dolly the sheep was cloned from the adult stem cells and not the embryonic stem cells.

When was cloning banned?

The foundation for building a harmonious international consensus with respect to cloning was laid down through the UNESCO’s Bioethics Programme of 1993. Out of the three declarations adopted by UNESCO, Article 11 of the Universal Declaration on Human Genome and Human Rights (1997) banned reproductive cloning however did not refer to therapeutic cloning in any manner. [48]

What is biotechnology?

In the year 1993, Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) defined ‘Biotechnology’ as ‘any technological application that uses biological systems, living organisms, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for a specific use. ’.

Therapeutic cloning

If people think of the word “clone,” they sometimes witness horrific images of duplicate individuals, created in a kind of crazy science style. Indeed, many members of the public were appalled at the cloning experiment carried out in Scotland by “Dolly.

Benefits

Mitochondrial disorder treatment: Mutations in mitochondrial DNA cause an unusual type of heritage disorder characterized by epilepsy and blindness.

What is therapeutic cloning?

Therapeutic cloning is sometimes referred to as "somatic cell nuclear transfer" or "SCNT". SCNT involves removing the nucleus of an egg cell, replacing it with the material from the nucleus of a "somatic cell" (such as a skin cell) and stimulating this cell to begin dividing. This egg cell is never fertilized by sperm, ...

Why is cloning important?

Thus, cloning is vital to realizing the potential of stem cell research and moving it from the lab into the doctor's office.

How does cloning work?

How Therapeutic Cloning Works: 1 Therapeutic cloning is sometimes referred to as "somatic cell nuclear transfer" or "SCNT". SCNT involves removing the nucleus of an egg cell, replacing it with the material from the nucleus of a "somatic cell" (such as a skin cell) and stimulating this cell to begin dividing. This egg cell is never fertilized by sperm, and the genetic material within the cell is virtually identical to the genetic material extracted from the skin or other cell. Once the cells begins dividing, stem cells can be extracted from it 5-6 days later, just as they can be extracted from embryos created through in vitro fertilization. These stem cells - or the specialized cells derived from them - will be a genetic match to the patient. Therefore, the promise of SCNT is that the patient's body would accept these cells after transplantation. 2 By using SCNT, scientists hope to understand how the protein factors in the egg cell cause these already specialized somatic cells to become stem cells. Once scientists learn how this cell "de-differentiation" occurs, they will no longer need to use egg cells. 3 SCNT has nothing to do with sexual reproduction. It is a research technique to create cells that can be used to treat diseases such as Parkinson's Disease, diabetes, ALS, etc. The sole purpose of this technology is to address currently unmet medical needs.

How can stem cell research help scientists?

Stem cell research will help scientists learn how to develop cells and tissue to cure disease. Over many years, scientists have demonstrated that they may learn how to induce these cells to differentiate into many different cell types.

Why do scientists need more cell lines?

Scientists need more cell lines to fulfill the promise of stem cell research. Using SCNT, scientists can create new stem cells to meet these important health needs.

Why do scientists need to create new cells that actually contain genetic diseases?

For example, scientists need to create new cells that actually contain genetic diseases in order to study how these diseases affect the growth and development of other cells and tissue. They are not sufficiently racially or ethnically diverse.

What is the problem with stem cells?

But one major problem with developing disease therapies with stem cells is the body's immune response system.

What is therapeutic cloning?

Therapeutic cloning is replicating cells and tissue to use for medical purposes. This type of cloning is very controversial and individuals feel strongly on both sides of this issue. The medical use of replicated cells and body tissue are wide ranging and include organ growth and scientific research. Therapeutic cloning is so controversial, ...

Why is therapeutic cloning so controversial?

Therapeutic cloning is so controversial, because it is tied to ethical issues that are connected to life and death. To get a better understanding of therapeutic cloning, you must be more informed about the pros and cons of this medical advancement.

Why are embryos used for cloning?

Embryos are often used for therapeutic cloning, because they have the ability to transform and grow into any type of organ and cell. This offers incredible lifesaving possibilities, but it also calls into question a matter of ethics.

Can cloning be beneficial?

Many of the cells that are cloned develop very serious defects. This is seen to defeat the purpose of growing new cells. If the cells simply become defective and die there is no real benefit gained. Although some are against therapeutic cloning for many different reasons, there are some benefits that can be gained.

Does cloning reduce rejection?

Patients that receive organ transplants are often faced with high percentages of rejection. However. Therapeutic cloning reduces the risk of rejection due to the fact that the new organs are created using the patient’s own cells.

Is therapeutic cloning successful?

Many scientific researches against therapeutic cloning suggest that it is not very successful. Many of the cells that are cloned develop very serious defects. This is seen to defeat the purpose of growing new cells. If the cells simply become defective and die there is no real benefit gained.

What is the main purpose of cloning?

The main practical purpose of cloning is to generate genetically modified animals to serve as bioreactors. The cloning of mammals is fascinating biological problem, although it is difficult to perform and attempts are rarely successful.

What is the purpose of embryonic stem cell cloning?

The main purpose of embryonic stem cell cloning techniques would be to create tissue that would not be subject to graft rejection.

What are the long-term consequences of scientific work?

Scientific work will have propounds long-term consequences for medicine, leading to the elucidation of the underlying molecular mechanisms of disease and thereby facilitating the design of rational diagnostics and therapeutics targeted at those mechanisms.

Can mammals be cloned from adult cells?

The cloning of mammals from adult cells has been achieved in several species in the past few years. The first mammal to be successfully cloned from a differentiated animal cell was the sheep (3), despite the fact that there had been previous cloning successes using embryonic cells.

Is cloning of human beings illegal in Europe?

All this reinforced by the progress in therapeutic cloning (9). The cloning of human beings has been officially unlawful in Europe since the Additional Protocol of the Council of Europe Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine came into force in March 2001.

Can stem cells be transplanted?

And even, they can be transplanted back to adult animals where they can differentiated and function approximately like in the normal organ.

Is gene therapy a real promise?

Gene therapy, although in a phase of consolidation after an exuberant youth, holds real promise. Understanding of the molecular basis of tissue differentiation, perhaps with the use of nuclear transfer techniques, may allow creation of histocompatible tissue for transplantation purposes (2).

What are the pros and cons of cloning?

Pros of therapeutic cloning 1 Therapeutic cloning can help create vital organs. This would be helpful for people suffering from kidney and other disorders, who are forced to wait years for a replacement organ. 2 When organs are made out of a patient's own cell, doctors do not have to worry about organ or tissue rejection by the immune system of the patient. 3 Stops the wait time for organs and patients then do not risk loosing their life while waiting for an organ. 4 Therapeutic cloning may be helpful for preventing diseases, research in this area of therapeutic cloning is still being preformed. 5 Organs would have an exact match of the patient's DNA. 6 No need for organ donors and no surgery required for the second party. 7 Allows for researchers to test cures for certain diseases, such as, Parkinson's and diabetes. 8 Researchers can study the regeneration of organs.

Which state was the first to legalize therapeutic cloning?

In 2002 California became the first state to legalize research on therapeutic cloning. Britain then became the first country to give money to scientists researching therapeutic cloning. Many right wing conservatives or people who oppose abortion believe that life starts at conception.

Why do we need millions of eggs?

In order to cure disease, millions of eggs are needed. We do not currently have this type of supply of eggs. Many people believe it is ethically wrong and against "god's" wishes. Extracting eggs from a female is costly and painful for the woman. The cost of therapeutic cloning is very high.

Do embryos need to be obtained through commercial transactions?

The ova, sperm, nor embryo must not have been obtained through commercial transactions.

What is the role of cloning in gene therapy?

The combination of therapeutic cloning and gene therapy offers a great potential for patient-specific rescue of a genetic mutation of the loss-of-function type, resulting in lowered or eliminated activity of a particular protein.

How long are dopaminergic neurons alive after transplantation?

Long-term behavioral rescue was observed, and 80% of the ntESC derived neurons were alive 8 week post-transplantation, contrary to only 40% for stem cell-derived neurons.

What is the potential of stem cell research?

The advancement in biotechnologies and stem cell research, although encountering many scientific difficulties, legal constraints and ethical roadblocks, offers a tremendous potential in regenerative medicine and in the treatment of genetic defects.

Why is embryo destruction morally objectionable?

Embryo destruction is viewed as morally objectionable by the Prolife partisans because they grant the early embryo potential for personhood following development to term. Knowing that only 1 to 2 % of cloned mice produce viable organisms (53), the probability of producing a viable cloned human embryo is even slimmer.

Can oocytes be collected postmortem?

Once the molecular pathways of oocyte maturation are resolved, immature follicles could be collected postmortem (39) and induced to mature in vitro for research purpose. However, this option needs to be rigorously regulated, and is likely to stir an ethical controversy.

Is therapeutic cloning banned in the US?

For instance, although therapeutic cloning is not completely banned in the United States, federal funding is not permitted to be used in experiments involving the 20 cell lines in the NIH (National Institute of Health) registry (44) derived before August 9, 2001. Out of these cell lines approved by Bush, 12 died and the remaining is not useful ...

Cloning – Its Meaning

Historical Timeline of Cloning

Types of Cloning

Benefits of Therapeutic Cloning

• Therapeutic cloning has extraordinary potential to revolutionise the field of medicine. There are multiple ways in which therapeutic cloning can serve a prominent role in the field of medicine by discovering new diseases by way of research, by developing new and effective treatments for chronic diseases, or by using the extracted stem cells for rep...

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Concerns with Respect to Therapeutic Cloning

International and National Legal Framework on Therapeutic Cloning